Chronic pelvic pain can stem from a variety of factors including:

• Gynaecological conditions: endometriosis, adenomyosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, ovarian cysts, or adhesions (scar tissue)

• Bladder or bowel issues: such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), constipation, or bladder pain syndrome

• Pelvic floor muscle problems: such as tight or weak muscles

• Nerve-related pain or heightened pain sensitivity

• Emotional or psychological factors can also play a role, especially if the pain has been ongoing

The feeling experiencing from chronic pelvic pain varies from person to person.

The pain may feel dull, sharp, cramping, burning, or like pressure. It may worsen with certain activities such as passing urine or having sex, or during your period.

A detailed history and examination are key. You may also be offered:

• Pelvic examination

• Blood or urine tests

• Ultrasound or MRI scan

• Laparoscopy (keyhole surgery) if needed

Treatment depends on the cause and often involves a combination of approaches:

• Pain relief (e.g. anti-inflammatories or nerve pain medication)

• Hormone treatments (if period-related)

• Pelvic floor physiotherapy

• Diet changes or bladder training

• Psychological support or counselling

• Surgery in selected cases (e.g. to treat endometriosis)

No. While endometriosis is a common cause, there are many others, including bladder problems, bowel issues, and nerve or muscle pain. Sometimes, no clear cause is found, but symptoms can still be managed.

Not always. Many people improve with non-surgical treatments such as physiotherapy, medications, and lifestyle changes. Surgery may be considered if a specific condition like endometriosis is strongly suspected or confirmed.

Some causes of pelvic pain, such as endometriosis or pelvic infections, can affect fertility, but not all do. If you are trying to conceive or planning a family, speak to your doctor so they can guide your care accordingly.